| 31. Source Text: Hebrew (WLC) Genesis 36:31:1 ⧉וְאֵ֙לֶּה֙veellehand these are Genesis 36:31:2 ⧉הַמְּלָכִ֔יםhammelakhimthe kings Genesis 36:31:3 ⧉אֲשֶׁ֥רasherwho Genesis 36:31:4 ⧉מָלְכ֖וּmalkhureigned Genesis 36:31:5 ⧉בְּאֶ֣רֶץbeeretsin the land of Genesis 36:31:6 ⧉אֱד֑וֹםedomEdom Genesis 36:31:7 ⧉לִפְנֵ֥יlifneibefore Genesis 36:31:8 ⧉מְלָךְ־מֶ֖לֶךְmelakhmelekha king reigned Genesis 36:31:9 ⧉לִבְנֵ֥יlivneiover the sons of Genesis 36:31:10 ⧉יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃yisraelIsrael |
| 31. Formal Translation And these are the kings who ruled in the land of Edom, in the time before any king ruled over the children of Israel. |
| 31. Dynamic Translation These are the kings who governed Edom before Israel ever had a king over them. |