| 8. Linguistic Exegesis The verse begins with the conjunction kai {καὶ | kaí}, linking this statement to the preceding argument. The nominative phrase ho kardiognostes theos {ὁ καρδιογνῶστης θεὸς | ho kardiognōstēs the-ós} functions as the subject, characterizing God by His insight into hearts. The aorist verb emarturesen {ἐμαρτύρησεν | emartýrēsen} ‘bore witness’ predicates God’s action, while the dative pronoun autois {αὐτοῖς | autoîs} marks the recipients of that testimony. The participle dous {δοὺς | doûs} functions as an instrumental participle, indicating that God testified by giving. The direct object to pneuma to hagion {τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον | tò pneûma tò hágion} employs a double article construction to emphasize the Holy Spirit. Finally, the comparative clause kathōs kai hēmin {καθὼς καὶ ἡμῖν | kathṓs kaí hēmîn} ‘just as also to us’ establishes parallelism that underscores equal divine treatment of Gentile and Jewish believers. |