| 10. Linguistic Exegesis The verse opens with the Hifil perfect veholid {וְהוֹלִיד | wə-hō-lîḏ} ‘and he fathers’, denoting causation. The noun ben {בֵּן־ | bēn} ‘son’ is modified by the participle paritz {פָּרִץ | pā-rîṣ} ‘violent one’ and the participle shofekh dam {שֹׁפֵךְ דָּם | šō-p̄ēḵ dām} ‘shedder of blood’, forming a participial clause that attributes character traits to the son. This is followed by the Qal perfect ve’asah {וְעָשָׂה | wə-ʿā-śāh} ‘and he does’, which heads a relative clause introduced by the distributive idiom me’achad me’eleh {מֵאַחַד מֵאֵלֶּה | mē-ʾa-ḥaḏ mē-ʾēl-leh} ‘any one of these’, expressing that any singular offense triggers the principle. The parallel structure links character description and action tightly, stressing moral accountability. |