| 4. Linguistic Exegesis The verse opens with the vav-consecutive in unetatim {וּנְתַתִּ֣ים | û-nə-ta-ttîm}, a niphal imperfect first person singular with pronominal suffix, expressing divine causation. The phrase lezaavah {לְזַעֲוָ֔ה | lə-zaʿ-ă-vā(h)} denotes the resulting horror. The sequence to lechol mamlekhot haaretz {לְכֹ֖ל מַמְלְכ֣וֹת הָאָ֑רֶץ | lə-ḵōl mam-lə-ḵōṯ hā-ʾā-reṣ} extends the scope to all earthly kingdoms. Biglal {בִּ֠גְלַל | bi-glal} introduces the causal nexus, leading into the relative clause asher asah birushalayim {אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂ֖ה בִּירוּשָׁלָֽ͏ִם | ʾă-šer ʿā-śā(h) bi-yə-rū-šā-lā-yim}, which specifies the act in Jerusalem that prompts judgment. |