| 1. Linguistic Exegesis The verse begins with leitz {לֵ֣ץ | lê-ṣ} ‘mocker’ linked to hayyin {הַ֭יַּיִן | hā-yā-yīn} ‘the wine’, personifying the drink. This is mirrored by homeh {הֹמֶ֣ה | hō-meh} ‘boisterous’ paired with shekhar {שֵׁכָ֑ר | šê-ḵār} ‘strong drink’, creating synonymous parallelism. The conjunction in vekol {וְכָל־ | wə-kol} ‘and all’ introduces a relative clause with the participle shogeh {שֹׁ֥גֶה | šō-gē} ‘who errs’ and the prepositional suffix bo {בּ֝֗וֹ | bō} ‘in it’. The particle lo {לֹ֣א | lō} ‘not’ negates the imperfect verb yechkam {יֶחְכָּֽם | yə-ḥkām} ‘becomes wise’, marking the consequence and emphasizing the warning. |