| 8. Linguistic Exegesis The verse opens with the fronted temporal prepositional phrase beyamav {בְּיָמָיו֙ | bə-yā-māw} ‘in his days’, setting the time frame before the main clause. The predicate pasha {פָּשַׁע | pā-šaʿ} ‘he rebelled’ is a perfect form presenting the revolt as a completed historical act, with Edom {אֱד֔וֹם | ʾĕ-ḏōm} as the subject immediately following. The prepositional phrase mitachat {מִתַּ֖חַת | miṭ-ta-ḥat} plus the construct expression yad-yehudah {יַד־יְהוּדָ֑ה | yāḏ-yəhûdāh} ‘from under the hand of Judah’ uses the “hand” idiom to depict political dominance and Edom’s removal from it. The clause then advances with the waw-consecutive verb vayamlikhu {וַיַּמְלִ֥יכוּ | way-yam-lî-ḵû} ‘and they made king’, a narrative sequence marker presenting the immediate outcome of rebellion. The complement alayhem {עֲלֵיהֶ֖ם | ʿă-lê-hêm} ‘over them’ clarifies that the kingship is established for Edom’s own governance, while the final noun melekh {מֶֽלֶךְ | mê-leḵ} ‘a king’ closes the sentence with the political result emphasized. |