| 25. Linguistic Exegesis The verse continues Paul’s argument with oude {οὐδὲ | ou-dé} ‘nor,’ linking this statement with his preceding denial of God’s immanence in human-made temples and reinforcing divine self-sufficiency. The agentive prepositional phrase hypo cheirōn anthrōpinōν {ὑπὸ χειρῶν ἀνθρωπίνων | hy-pó khe-ir-ōn an-thrō-pí-nōn} ‘by human hands’ takes the passive verb therapeuetai {θεραπεύεται | the-ra-peú-e-tai} ‘is served,’ alluding to ritual cultic service. The participle prosdeomenos tinos {προσδεόμενός τινος | pros-de-ó-me-nos tí-nos} ‘needing anything’ syntactically qualifies the main verb, carrying an implicit comparative sense ‘as though.’ The emphatic pronoun autos {αὐτός | au-tós} ‘He Himself’ precedes the participle didous {διδοὺς | di-doús} ‘giving,’ underlining the contrast between the unserved God and His role as the giver. Didous governs the dative pasi {πᾶσι | pā-si} ‘to all people’ as the recipient and coordinates three accusative objects: zoen {ζωὴν | zō-ēn} ‘life,’ pnoen {πνοήν | pno-ḗn} ‘breath,’ and ta panta {τὰ πάντα | tā pán-ta} ‘all things.’ The list, joined by kai {καὶ | kaí} ‘and,’ moves from foundational sustenance to comprehensive provision. Greek participles are rendered as finite clauses to clarify the implied relationships while preserving emphatic and causal nuances. |