| 18. Linguistic Exegesis The verse opens with the vav-consecutive uvazah {וּבָזָ֥ה | û-vā-zāh} ‘and he despised,’ using the Qal perfect to present contempt for an oath. The Hiphil infinitive lehafer {לְהָפֵ֣ר | lə-hā-pêr} ‘to break’ takes berit {בְּרִ֑ית | bə-rît} ‘covenant’ as its direct object, conveying willful violation. The interjection ve-hinneh {וְהִנֵּ֨ה | wə-hin-nēh} ‘and behold’ shifts to evidential narration. The idiom natan yado {נָתַ֥ן יָד֛וֹ | nā-ṯan yā-ḏô} ‘he gave his hand’ serves as a legal pledge. The inclusive ve-khol-eleh {וְכָל־אֵ֥לֶּה | wə-khol-ʾêl-leh} ‘and all these’ gathers the preceding violations. The Qal perfect asah {עָשָׂ֖ה | ʿā-śāh} ‘he did’ summarizes these acts. Finally, the negative lo {לֹ֥א | lōʾ} plus the Niphal imperfect yimmalet {יִמָּלֵֽט | yim-mā-lēt} ‘he will not escape’ delivers a decisive outcome, framing inescapable consequence. |