| 10. Linguistic Exegesis The verse presents antithetic parallelism by juxtaposing sorrow and joy. It begins with the noun lev {לֵ֗ב | lēv} ‘heart’ and the participle yōdə‘a {י֭וֹדֵעַ | yōdə‘a} ‘knows,’ signifying internal awareness. The construct compound mārat napshō {מָרַּת נַפְשׁ֑וֹ | mārat napshō} ‘bitterness of his soul’ highlights personal anguish. The coordinating conjunction plus ūvesimḥātō {וּ֝בְשׂ̇מְחָת֗וֹ | ūvesimḥātō} ‘and in his joy’ shifts to positive feeling. The negation particle lō־ {לֹא־ | lō’} with the Hitpael imperfect yit‘ārav {יִתְעָ֥רַב | yit‘ārav} ‘will share’ forms a negative result clause, isolating the zār {זָֽר | zār} ‘stranger.’ The Hitpael stem implies mutual participation denied here to emphasize emotional solitude. |