καὶ

Alphabet Analysis

The word

1. word🔊 καὶ

   KAI

   and
2. sentence🔊 Καὶ ὁ τρίτος ἐξέχεεν τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ εἰς τοὺς ποταμοὺς καὶ τὰς πηγὰς τῶν ὑδάτων καὶ ἐγένετο αἷμα

   KAI ho TRI-tos ek-SE-khe-en tên phi-A-lên au-TOU eis tous po-ta-MOUS KAI tas pê-GAS tôn hy-DA-tōn KAI e-GE-ne-to HAI-ma

   And the third poured out the bowl his into the rivers and the springs of the waters and became blood

Exegesis

The verse begins with the conjunctive kai {Καὶ | Kaí}, tightly linking this action to the sequence of bowl judgments already underway.

The prepositional phrase eis tous potamous kai tas pegas ton hydaton {εἰς τοὺς ποταμοὺς καὶ τὰς πηγὰς τῶν ὑδάτων | eis toûs po-ta-MOÛS kai tàs pē-GÁS tōn hy-DÁ-tōn} identifies two coordinated objects (“rivers” and “springs”) governed by a single preposition “into,” with the genitive ton hydaton modifying both and emphasizing that all sources of fresh water are affected.

The final clause kai egeneto haima {καὶ ἐγένετο αἷμα | kaí e-GÉ-ne-to HÁi-ma} employs the intransitive aorist middle egeneto, “it became,” with a predicate nominative haima, “blood,” summarizing the result of the judgment as a dramatic transformation. English rendering preserves the sequential structure (conjunction plus ordinal), the single decisive action of pouring, the comprehensive scope of the objects, and the climactic placement of “blood” at the end of the sentence to mirror the Greek emphasis.

Root and etymology

dikē🔊 δίκηdelta–iota–kappa–eta

“right, justice, legal custom”

• 🔊 δικαιοσύνηdikaiosynērighteousnessRomans 3:21
• 🔊 δικαιόωdikaiōto justify, declare righteousRomans 3:24