καὶ

Alphabet Analysis

The word

1. word🔊 καὶ

   kai

   and
2. sentence🔊 ἵνα φάγητε σάρκας βασιλέων καὶ σάρκας χιλιάρχων καὶ σάρκας ἰσχυρῶν καὶ σάρκας ἵππων καὶ τῶν καθημένων ἐπʼ αὐτῶν καὶ σάρκας πάντων ἐλευθέρων τε καὶ δούλων καὶ μικρῶν καὶ μεγάλων

   HI-na PHA-ghay-te SAR-kas ba-si-LE-ōn kai SAR-kas khi-li-AR-khōn kai SAR-kas is-khy-RŌN kai SAR-kas HIP-pōn kai tōn ka-thê-ME-nōn ep au-TŌN kai SAR-kas PAN-tōn e-leu-THE-rōn te kai DOU-lōn kai mi-KRŌN kai me-GA-lōn

   so that you may eat flesh of kings and flesh of captains and flesh of mighty ones and flesh of horses and of the of the ones sitting on them and flesh of all of free {people} both and of slaves and of small {ones} and of great {ones}

Exegesis

The repeated kai {καὶ | kaí} is a clear case of polysyndeton, slowing the pace and highlighting each category of the judged.

The coordinated genitives hippon and ton kathemenon ep auton {ἵππων καὶ τῶν καθημένων ἐπʼ αὐτῶν | híppōn kaí tōn kathē-mé-nōn ep autôn} portray horses together with those sitting upon them as a single combat unit.

The climactic phrase sarkas panton eleutheron te kai doulon kai mikron kai megalon {σάρκας πάντων ἐλευθέρων τε καὶ δούλων καὶ μικρῶν καὶ μεγάλων | sárkas pán-tōn eleu-thé-rōn te kaí doú-lōn kaí mikrôn kaí megá-lōn} moves from the comprehensive "of all" to paired social contrasts ("free and slaves," "small and great"), underscoring that every status group is encompassed in the judgment. In the formal translation, the repetitive "and the flesh of..." is preserved to echo the Greek cadence, while the dynamic rendering groups some elements (for example, "horses and their riders") to maintain natural contemporary English flow yet retain the sense of totality.

Root and etymology

dikaioō🔊 δικαιόωdelta–iota–kappa–alpha–iota–omicron–omega

“to justify, declare righteous”

• 🔊 δικαίωμαdikaiōmarighteous regulation or actRomans 5:18
• 🔊 δικαιοσύνηdikaiosynērighteousnessRomans 3:21