καὶ

Alphabet Analysis

The word

1. word🔊 καὶ

   KAI

   and
2. sentence🔊 καὶ ἔδωκεν ἡ θάλασσα τοὺς νεκροὺς τοὺς ἐν αὐτῇ καὶ ὁ θάνατος καὶ ὁ ᾅδης ἔδωκαν τοὺς νεκροὺς τοὺς ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ ἐκρίθησαν ἕκαστος κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτῶν

   KAI E-do-ken hê THA-las-sa tous ne-KROUS tous en au-TÊI KAI ho THA-na-tos KAI ho HAI-dês E-do-kan tous ne-KROUS tous en au-TOIS KAI e-KRI-thê-san HE-ka-stos ka-TA ta ER-ga au-TÔN

   and gave the sea the dead the in it and the death and the Hades gave the dead the in them and they were judged each according to the works of them

Exegesis

The verse begins with kai {καὶ | kaí} linking this scene to the preceding judgment sequence.

A parallel structure follows with ho thanatos kai ho hadēs {ὁ θάνατος καὶ ὁ ᾅδης | ho thá-na-tos kaí ho há-dēs} forming a compound subject for edokan {ἔδωκαν | é-dō-kan}. The shift from singular edoken to plural edokan matches the coordinated subjects and heightens the sense of cosmic powers (Death and Hades) being compelled to relinquish their hold.

The final clause, kai ekrithesan hekastos kata ta erga auton {καὶ ἐκρίθησαν ἕκαστος κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτῶν | kaí e-krí-thē-san hé-ka-stos ka-tá tá ér-ga au-tôn}, uses the aorist passive ekrithesan to present judgment as an action performed upon humanity, implicitly by God as judge. The combination of plural verb ekrithesan with the singular distributive hekastos creates a collective-yet-individual perspective: all are judged, yet each one individually according to kata plus the accusative object ta erga auton “their works.” In translation, the repeated “gave up the dead who were in it/them” mirrors the Greek parallelism, while the passive “was judged” and the phrase “according to their works” preserve the judicial tone and individual accountability expressed by the Greek syntax.