| 23. Linguistic Exegesis The verse begins with the articular participle ho de diakrinomenos {ὁ δὲ διακρινόμενος | ho dè diakrinómenos} ‘doubting’, functioning substantively to refer to “the one who doubts,” with the postpositive de {δὲ | dé} marking contrast. The conditional ean phagē {ἐὰν φάγῃ | e-án phá-gē} introduces a third-class condition (“if he eats”), leading to the perfect passive katakekritai {κατακέκριται | ka-ta-ké-kri-tai} ‘stands condemned’, indicating a settled divine judgment. The causal hoti {ὅτι | hó-ti} ‘for/because’ introduces the genitive source phrase ouk ek pisteōs {οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως | ouk ek pís-te-ōs} ‘not of faith’, explaining the reason for condemnation. The second clause employs the nominal neuter pan de ho ouk ek pisteōs {πᾶν δὲ ὃ οὐκ ἐκ πίστεως | pân dè hó ouk ek pís-te-ōs} ‘whatever is not of faith’ in a universal maxim equated with hamartia estin {ἁμαρτία ἐστίν | ha-mar-tí-a es-tín} ‘is sin’, generalizing from the specific case to an ethical principle. |