| 15. Linguistic Exegesis The verse is a single imperative sentence headed by aspasasthe {Ἀσπάσασθε | Aspásasthe} ‘greet’, a second person plural aorist middle imperative that addresses the entire community and frames the whole list as one collective action. The direct objects are coordinated by a series of kai {καὶ | kaí} ‘and’, producing a polysyndetic list that slows the pace and gives each person or group distinct recognition: first Philologon {Φιλόλογον | Philólogon} and Ioulian {Ἰουλίαν | Ioulían}, then Nerea {Νηρέα | Nēréa} with the appositive phrase ten adelphen autou {τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτοῦ | tḕn adelphḕn autoû} ‘his sister’, followed by Olympan {Ὀλυμπᾶν | Olympân}. The final coordinated object is tous syn autois pantas hagious {τοὺς σὺν αὐτοῖς πάντας ἁγίους | toùs sùn autoîs pántas hagíous}, where the article tous functions with the attributive prepositional phrase syn autois {σὺν αὐτοῖς | sùn autoîs} ‘with them’ and the adjective pantas {πάντας | pántas} ‘all’ to modify hagious {ἁγίους | hagíous} ‘saints’. This structure emphasizes not only the named individuals but also their wider circle of holy ones associated with them. English requires relative clauses to unpack the Greek attributive structure, so “all the saints who are with them” and “all the believers who are with them” are used to preserve the sense of corporate fellowship while keeping the list readable. |