| 11. Linguistic Exegesis The verse employs two parallel Hiphil participial clauses linked by the coordinating conjunction gam {גַּם | gam} ‘also’. Each clause begins with the prepositional phrase min pelishtim {מִן־פְּלִשְׁתִּים | min-pə-lîš-tîm} ‘from the Philistines’ and the definite noun ha-arviyim {הָעַרְבִיאִים | hā-ʿăr-vî-ʾîm} ‘the Arabians’, respectively, with the participle mevi’im {מְבִיאִים | mə-vî-ʾîm} ‘bringing’ functioning as the main verbal predicate. The preposition lamed with pronominal suffix lo {לוֹ | lō} ‘to him’ highlights Jehoshaphat as the tribute recipient. The construct chain shiv’at alafim ū-sheva meot {שִׁבְעַת אֲלָפִים וּשְׁבַע מֵאוֹת | šiv-ʿāṯ ʾă-lā-p̄îm ū-šə-bāʿ mē-ʾōṯ} ‘seven thousand and seven hundred’ is repeated for elim {אֵילִים | ʾê-lîm} ‘rams’ and teyashim {תְיָשִׁים | tə-ya-šîm} ‘male goats’, creating a parallelism that underscores the offerings’ abundance. The nouns minchah {מִנְחָה | min-ḥāh} ‘tribute’ and massa {מַשָּׂא | mas-sāʾ} ‘burden’ frame these gifts within a diplomatic context. |