| 22. Linguistic Exegesis The verse begins with the vav-consecutive imperfect vayakam {וַיָּקָם | wa-ya-qām} ‘and he arose’, signaling narrative progression. The coordinated subject phrase David and all the people who were with him establishes complete accompaniment. The vav-consecutive imperfect vayyaavru {וַיַּעַבְרוּ | wa-ya-‘ă-vrû} ‘and they crossed’ governs the direct object et-hayarden {אֶת־הַיַּרְדֵּן | ʾet-hā-yar-ḏēn}, emphasizing the group’s movement across the boundary. The temporal phrase ad-or ha-boker {עַד־אוֹר הַבֹּקֶר | ʼad-’ōr ha-bō-qer} ‘until the light of morning’ sets the duration. A repeated preposition ad in ad-achad lo needar asher loavar et-hayarden {עַד-אַחַד לֹא נֶעְדָּר אֲשֶׁר לֹא־עָבַר אֶת־הַיַּרְדֵּן | ʼad-’a-ḥad lō ne-‘ă-dār ʼă-šer lō-‘ā-var ʾet-hā-yar-ḏēn} introduces a negative relative clause to stress that none remained on the near side. The repetition of ad underscores both temporal and quantitative limits, highlighting the completeness of the crossing. |