| 28. Linguistic Exegesis The verse opens with vayomer {וַיֹּאמֶר | way-yō-ʾmer} introducing divine speech in the wayyiqtol form. The verb–subject inversion emphasizes Yahweh {יְהוָה | Yə-hō-wāh} as the speaker. The prepositional phrase el-mosheh {אֶל־מֹשֶׁה | ʾel-mō-šeh} marks Moses as the addressee. The fronted interrogative ad-anah {עַד־אָ֙נָה֙ | ʿad-ʾā-nāh} ‘until when’ creates rhetorical urgency. The Piel perfect meʾantem {מֵֽאַנְתֶּם | mē-ʾan-tem} denotes intensive, ongoing refusal, and its accompanying infinitive lishmor {לִשְׁמֹ֥ר | liš-mōr} ‘to keep’ governs the paired objects mitsvotai {מִצְוֺתַ֖י | miṣ-wō-ṯay} and vetorotai {וְתוֹרֹתָֽי | wə-tō-rō-ṯay}. The coordination of these nouns underscores the full scope of Israel’s covenant obligations. English rendering adjusts Hebrew word order to subject–verb–object while retaining the original’s forceful challenge. |