καὶ

Alphabet Analysis

The word

1. word🔊 καὶ

   kai

   and
2. sentence🔊 καὶ ἐμβάντες εἰς πλοῖον ἤρχοντο πέραν τῆς θαλάσσης εἰς Καφαρναούμ καὶ σκοτία ἤδη ἐγεγόνει καὶ οὔπω ἐληλύθει πρὸς αὐτοὺς ὁ Ἰησοῦς

   kai em-BAN-tes eis PLOI-on ÊR-khon-to PE-ran tês tha-LAS-sês eis ka-phar-na-OUM kai sko-TI-a Ê-dê e-ge-GO-nei kai OU-pô e-lê-LU-thei pros au-TOUS ho ee-ay-SOOS

   and having gotten in into boat they were going across of the sea to Capernaum and darkness already had become and not yet had come to them the Jesus

Exegesis

The verse opens with kai embantes {καὶ ἐμβάντες | kaí embántes}, where the aorist participle embantes is adverbial and temporal, indicating action prior to the main verb.

A new clause begins with kai skotia ēdē gegenonei {καὶ σκοτία ἤδη ἐγεγόνει | kaí skotía ḗdē egegónei}; the pluperfect verb egegónei from ginomai denotes a state that had already come into effect, emphasizing that darkness was a settled condition while they traveled.

The final clause, kai oupō elēluthei pros autous ho Iēsous {καὶ οὔπω ἐληλύθει πρὸς αὐτοὺς ὁ Ἰησοῦς | kaí oúpō elēlýthei pròs autoús ho Iēsoûs}, also uses a pluperfect (from erchomai) to stress the continuing result that Jesus had not yet arrived to where they were. The sequence of clauses joined by kai creates a narrative progression: embarkation, journey, encroaching darkness, and the notable absence of Jesus, a structure reflected in the translations by maintaining temporal order and distinguishing the ongoing journey from the background circumstances.