καὶ

Alphabet Analysis

The word

1. word🔊 καὶ

   KAI

   and
2. sentence🔊 Καὶ ἤρξατο αὐτοῖς ἐν παραβολαῖς λαλεῖν Ἀμπελῶνα ἄνθρωπος ἐφύτευσεν καὶ περιέθηκεν φραγμὸν καὶ ὤρυξεν ὑπολήνιον καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν πύργον καὶ ἐξέδετο αὐτὸν γεωργοῖς καὶ ἀπεδήμησεν

   KAI ÊR-ksa-to au-TOIS en pa-ra-bo-LAIS la-LEIN am-pe-LO-na AN-thrô-pos e-PHY-teu-sen KAI pe-ri-E-thê-ken phrag-MON KAI Ô-ry-ksen hy-po-LÊ-ni-on KAI ôi-ko-DO-mê-sen PYR-gon KAI ek-SE-de-to au-TON ge-ôr-GOIS KAI a-pe-DÊ-mê-sen

   And he began to them in parables to speak a vineyard a man planted and put around a fence and dug a wine vat and built a tower and leased out it to tenants and went away

Exegesis

The verse begins with the narrative formula kai erxato autois en parabolais lalein {Καὶ ἤρξατο αὐτοῖς ἐν παραβολαῖς λαλεῖν | Kaì ḗrxato autoîs en parabolâis laleîn} “and He began to speak to them in parables,” where the finite verb with infinitive construction introduces a new block of teaching. The dative autois marks the audience, while en parabolais functions as a manner phrase indicating the didactic mode.

What follows is a chain of aorist verbs coordinated by repeated kai {καὶ | kaí}—periethēken, oruxen, hypolēnion, oikodomēsen, exedeto, apedēmēsen {περιέθηκεν, ὤρυξεν, ὑπολήνιον, ᾠκοδόμησεν, ἐξέδετο, ἀπεδήμησεν | periéthēken, ṓruxen, hypolḗnion, ōikodómēsen, exédeto, apedḗmēsen}—forming a paratactic sequence of completed actions that together depict thorough preparation and then delegation. The accusatives ampelona, phragmon, hypolēnion, pyrgon are direct objects of these verbs, while the dative georgois marks the recipients of the lease. In translation, this string of actions is preserved with repeated “and” to reflect the narrative rhythm, while clause breaks and added prepositions (such as “around it,” “to farmers”) make implicit relationships explicit in English.

Root and etymology

Kaisar🔊 Καῖσαρkappa–alpha–iota–sigma–alpha–rho

“Caesar, emperor”

• 🔊 ΚαίσαροςKaisarosof CaesarMatthew 22:17
• 🔊 ΚαίσαριKaisarito CaesarJohn 19:12