| 20. Linguistic Exegesis The verse begins with kai {καὶ | kaí} ‘and’, linking this vision to the previous judgment. The passive aorist epatethe {ἐπατήθη | epatḗthē} ‘was trodden down’ portrays the decisive crushing, with lenos {ληνός | lēnós} ‘winepress’ as its subject. The adverb exōthen {ἔξωθεν | éxōthen} ‘outside’ names the location relative to the city. The coordinated clause employs the aorist active exēlthen {ἐξῆλθεν | exêlthen} ‘came out’, where haima {αἷμα | haîma} ‘blood’ functions as the subject and ek {ἐκ | ek} indicates its source at the winepress. The spatial extent is defined by áchri {ἄχρι | áchri} ‘as far as’ the horses’ bridles in a nested genitive, and apó {ἀπὸ | apó} ‘for a distance of one thousand six hundred stadia’ serves as a genitive of measure, creating a cumulative effect that heightens the imagery of divine retribution. |