| 10. Linguistic Exegesis The verse begins with the coordinated clause kai ho pemptos {Καὶ ὁ πέμπτος | kaí ho pémptos} “and the fifth,” where the explicit subject “angel” is supplied from the broader sequence of bowls in the context. This nominative phrase is followed by the aorist verb execheen {ἐξέχεεν | exécheen} “poured out,” forming a simple finite clause with tēn phialēn autou {τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ | tēn phiálēn autoû} as the direct object, and the prepositional phrase epi ton thronon tou thēriou {ἐπὶ τὸν θρόνον τοῦ θηρίου | epì tón thrónon tou thēríou} specifying the target location “upon the throne of the beast.” The next clause, egeneto hē basileia autou eskotōmenē {ἐγένετο ἡ βασιλεία αὐτοῦ ἐσκοτωμένη | egéneto hē basileía autoû eskotōménē}, uses the aorist middle egeneto plus a perfect passive participle, creating a resultative construction: the kingdom “came to be” in a state of completed darkness. The participle eskotōmenē functions predicatively with hē basileia, describing the condition of the beast’s realm as a consequence of the outpoured bowl. The final clause, emasōnto tas glōssas autōn ek tou ponou {ἐμασῶντο τὰς γλώσσας αὐτῶν ἐκ τοῦ πόνου | emasônto tàs glṓssas autôn ek tou pónou}, employs the imperfect middle verb emasōnto to depict ongoing or repeated action, vividly portraying the sufferers gnawing their tongues. The prepositional phrase ek tou ponou “from the pain” indicates source or cause. In translation, a natural subject–verb–object order (“the fifth angel poured out… his kingdom became… people chewed…”) is adopted, while retaining the sequential linkage signaled by kai. The formal rendering mirrors the aspectual nuance of the perfect participle with “became darkened,” whereas the dynamic version uses the idiomatic “fell into darkness” to convey a completed transition into a state of judgment. |