| 8. Linguistic Exegesis The verse opens with the coordinating conjunction kai {Καὶ | kaí} ‘and’, linking this judgment with the prior bowl visions in a continuous narrative sequence. The referent ho tetartos {ὁ τέταρτος | ho tétartos} ‘the fourth’ functions as a substantival ordinal, identifying the angelic agent by order rather than by name. The aorist active indicative execheen {ἐξέχεεν | exécheen} ‘poured out’ denotes a single decisive action. Its direct object, tēn phialēn autou {τὴν φιάλην αὐτοῦ | tḕn phiálēn autoû} ‘his bowl’, uses the genitive autou to mark possession. The prepositional phrase epi ton hēlion {ἐπὶ τὸν ἥλιον | epì tòn hḗlion} ‘upon the sun’ indicates direct impact with epi plus accusative. The coordinated clause kai edothe auto {καὶ ἐδόθη αὐτῷ | kaí edóthē autō̂} ‘and it was given to him’ employs the passive edóthē to convey impersonal permission conferred by divine authority, implicitly assigning the capacity to the sun. The infinitive kaumatisai {καυματίσαι | kaumatísai} ‘to scorch’ expresses the purpose of this empowerment. The phrase tous anthropous {τοὺς ἀνθρώπους | toùs anthrṓpous} ‘the people’ designates humanity as recipients of the torment, while en puri {ἐν πυρί | en pyrí} ‘with fire’ functions instrumentally to specify the means of scorching. The translation retains the narrative link of kai, the substantival ordinal force of ho tetartos, and the impersonal nuance of the passive permission by using “it was allowed.” |