| 15. Linguistic Exegesis The Greek adverb exō {ἐξω | éksō} begins the verse in emphatic position to signal exclusion. A series of nominative groups—each marked by the article hoi {οἱ | hoi} and linked by kaì {καὶ | kaì}—lists those excluded: kýnes {κύνες | kýnes} (dogs), phármakoi {φάρμακοι | phármakoi} (sorcerers), pórnoi {πόρνοι | pórnoi} (sexually immoral persons), phōneîs {φονεῖς | phōneîs} (murderers), and eidōlolátrai {εἰδωλολάτραι | eidōlolátrai} (idolaters). The final clause kaì pâs philōn kaì poiōn pseûdos {καὶ πᾶς φιλῶν καὶ ποιῶν ψεῦδος | kaì pâs philōn kaì poiōn pseûdos} shifts to a singular substantive pâs (everyone) with two present active participles, philōn and poiōn, governing pseûdos (falsehood) in the accusative. This construction highlights ongoing affection for and habitual practice of deceit, with pseûdos as the culminating vice. |