| 11. Linguistic Exegesis The sentence begins with kai {Καὶ | Kaì} linking this exhortation to what precedes. The perfect participle touto eidotes {τοῦτο εἰδότες | toû-to ei-dó-tes} functions causally (“since you know this”), with its object ton kairon {τὸν καιρόν | tón kai-rón} “the time,” defined by the content clause introduced by hoti {ὅτι | hó-ti}. Within that clause, hōra ēdē hymas ex hypnou egerthēnai {ὥρα ἤδη ὑμᾶς ἐξ ὕπνου ἐγερθῆναι | hó-ra ḗ-dē hy-mâs ex hýp-nou e-ger-thê-nai} has hōra as its subject with an implied copula “is,” and the aorist passive infinitive takes hymas as its logical subject, yielding “you are to be awakened.” The preposition ex creating the genitive hypnou contributes metaphorical imagery of spiritual lethargy. The conjunction nyn gar {νῦν γὰρ | nŷn gàr} shifts focus to the present and introduces a comparative clause with engyteron {ἐγγύτερον | engý-te-ron} modifying the implied verb and hē sōtēria hemon {ἡ σωτηρία ἡμῶν | hē sō-tē-rí-a hē-môn} marking “our salvation” in relation to the past temporal clause hote episteusamen {ὅτε ἐπιστεύσαμεν | hó-te e-pi-steú-sa-men}. The translation renders the participle as a finite clause, supplies the implied copula, and preserves the comparative urgency. |