| 45. Linguistic Exegesis The verse opens with the aorist participle idontes {ἰδόντες | idóntes} ‘having seen’, providing the causal context for the subsequent main actions. The articular phrase hoi Ioudaioi {οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι | hoí Ioudaîoi} functions as the subject, with tous ochlous {τοὺς ὄχλους | toús óchlous} serving as the object of perception. The passive verb eplesthesan {ἐπλήσθησαν | eplḗsthēsan} ‘they were filled’ takes the genitive zelou {ζήλου | zḗlou} ‘jealousy’ to express inward emotion. The narrative then shifts to the imperfect antelegon {ἀντέλεγον | antélegon} ‘they were contradicting’, indicating ongoing opposition. The dative expression tois laloumenois hupo Paulou {τοῖς ὑπὸ Παύλου λαλουμένοις | toîs hupó Pauloû lalouméνοis} functions as the object of antelegon—literally ‘the things being spoken by Paul’, where laloumenois {λαλουμένοις | lalouméνοis} encapsulates the taught message and hupo {ὑπὸ | hupó} marks Paul as agent. Finally, the nominative participle blasphemountes {βλασφημοῦντες | blasphēmoûntes} ‘blaspheming’ describes the manner of their contradiction, intensifying the hostility from mere disagreement to abusive speech. The translation preserves this participial sequence with temporal and manner clauses to maintain both causal flow and escalating tone. |