| 21. Linguistic Exegesis tauta eipōn {Ταῦτα εἰπὼν | taû-ta ei-pṑn} ‘having said these things’ introduces a circumstantial participle setting temporal context. The subject ho Iēsous {ὁ Ἰησοῦς | ho Iē-soûs} follows, foregrounding Jesus as actor. The verb etarachthē {ἐταράχθη | e-ta-rách-thē} with dative pneumati {πνεύματι | pneû-ma-ti} expresses disturbance in His inner being (dative of sphere). The coordinated verbs kai emarturesen kai eipen {καὶ ἐμαρτύρησεν καὶ εἶπεν | kaí e-mar-tý-rē-sen kaí eî-pen} advance the narrative through solemn witness and direct speech. The affirmation amēn amēn legō hymin {Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν | A-mḕn A-mḕn légō hy-mîn} functions as a self-authenticating formula, with repetition reinforcing certainty and present tense maintaining immediacy. Finally, the content clause hoti heis ex hymon paradōsei me {ὅτι εἷς ἐξ ὑμῶν παραδώσει με | hó-ti heîs ex hy-môn pa-ra-dṓ-sei me} uses the partitive ex hymon to specify the betrayer within the group and the future indicative paradōsei to portray the betrayal as inevitable. |