| 27. Linguistic Exegesis The sentence opens with kai {καί | kaí} ‘and’, linking this saying to the preceding discourse, while humeis de {ὑμεῖς δὲ | hymeîs de} ‘you also’ places the disciples in emphatic focus. The verb martureite {μαρτυρεῖτε | martyreîte} ‘you bear witness’ is present tense, but in this farewell context it carries a forward-looking force, so English naturally expresses the expected outcome with a future modal. Hoti {ὅτι | hóti} ‘because’ introduces the ground for their witness rather than a new topic. The temporal phrase ap’ arches {ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς | ap’ archês} ‘from the beginning’ marks the starting point of their shared experience, and met’ emou {μετʼ ἐμοῦ | metʼ emoû} ‘with Me’ stresses personal companionship with Jesus. The clause closes with este {ἐστε | esté} ‘you are’, which English best renders as ‘you have been’ to preserve the continuing state from that beginning up to the present. |