| 13. Linguistic Exegesis The verse opens with the distributive idiom ve-ʾîš ʾîš {וְאִישׁ אִישׁ | wə-ʾîš ʾîš} ‘and any man’, emphasizing individual inclusion. It then employs two coordinated prepositional phrases: mib-bə-nê yiś-rā-ʾēl {מִבְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל | mib-bə-nê yiś-rā-ʾēl} ‘from the sons of Israel’ and wə-min-hag-gēr hag-gār {וּמִן־הַגֵּר הַגָּר | wə-min-hag-gēr hag-gār} ‘and from the resident alien who sojourns’, thereby extending the statute beyond ethnic Israel. The relative clause ʾăšer yā-ṣû-ḏ ṣē-yî-ḏ ḥay-yāh ʿōp̄ ʾăšer yē-ʾā-kēl {אֲשֶׁר יָצ֜וּד צֵ֥יד חַיָּה אוֹ־ע֖וֹף אֲשֶׁר יֵאָכֵ֑ל | ʾăšer yā-ṣû-ḏ ṣē-yî-ḏ ḥay-yāh ʿōp̄ ʾăšer yē-ʾā-kēl} ‘that he hunts prey, animal or bird, which is eaten’ specifies permissible game. The successive perfect verbs wə-šā-p̄aḵ and wə-kīs-sā-hû {וְשָׁפַךְ ... וְכִסָּהוּ | wə-šā-p̄aḵ ... wə-kīs-sā-hû} articulate the ritual sequence of draining blood and covering it. The direct object marker ʾet {אֶת | ʾet} before dāmmô {דָּמוֹ | dāmmô} highlights the sacredness of blood in covenant practice. Finally, the prepositional phrase bə-ʿā-p̄ār {בֶּעָפָר | bə-ʿā-p̄ār} ‘with dust’ is rendered “dust/earth,” indicating the mode of covering. English subject–verb order replaces Hebrew clause-final verb placement for natural flow. |