| 23. Linguistic Exegesis The verse consists of a series of actions framed by two aorist participles, labon {λαβὼν | labōn} ‘having taken’ and eucharistesas {εὐχαριστήσας | eucharistḗsas} ‘having given thanks’, which are circumstantial participles preceding the main verb. They describe actions performed by the implied subject, Jesus, that occur prior to and lead into the primary event. The main finite verb edoken {ἔδωκεν | édōken} ‘he gave’ carries the central narrative force, with the indirect object autois {αὐτοῖς | autoîs} ‘to them’ specifying the recipients, the disciples. The coordinating kai {καὶ | kaí} then introduces a second main aorist verb epion {ἔπιον | épion} ‘they drank’, presenting the response of the group as a completed act. The prepositional phrase ex autou {ἐξ αὐτοῦ | ex autoû} ‘from it’ indicates that the drinking was from the same cup, highlighting a single shared source. Finally, pantes {πάντες | pántes} ‘all’ functions as an intensive subject complement, emphasizing the total participation of those present. In English, the formal rendering preserves the participial sequence by using “after taking” and “giving thanks” before the main verb “He gave,” while the dynamic rendering converts the participles into a series of finite verbs (“took,” “thanked,” “passed”) to create a smooth narrative flow but still retains the shared and inclusive nature of the action. |