| 23. Linguistic Exegesis The verse begins with the coordinate kai {καί | kaí} “and” introducing the fronted subject hē polis {ἡ πόλις | hē pó-lis} “the city,” followed by the negated noun chreian {χρείαν | chreí-an} “need” and the verb echei {ἔχει | é-khei} “has,” yielding “the city has no need.” The genitives tou hēliou {τοῦ ἡλίου | toû hē-lí-ou} “of the sun” and tēs selēnēs {τῆς σελήνης | tēs se-lé-nēs} “of the moon” modify chreian, specifying what is unnecessary. The purpose clause is marked by hina {ἵνα | hí-na} “in order that” with the subjunctive phainōsin {φαίνωσιν | phai-nô-sin} “they might shine” and the dative autē {αὐτῇ | au-têi} “for it,” indicating advantage. The explanatory conjunction gar {γάρ | gár} “for” then introduces the reason clause with hē doxa tou theou {ἡ δόξα τοῦ θεοῦ | hē dó-xa tou the-oû} “the glory of God” as the subject and the aorist verb ephōtisen {ἐφώτισεν | ephô-ti-sen} “has bestowed light” with object autēn {αὐτήν | au-tḗn} “it.” Finally, kai ho luchnos autēs to arnion {καὶ ὁ λύχνος αὐτῆς τὸ ἀρνίον | kaí ho lý-kh-nos au-tês tò ar-ní-on} is a copula-less nominal clause where ho luchnos {ὁ λύχνος | ho lý-kh-nos} “the lamp” with genitive autēs {αὐτῆς | au-tês} “of it” is identified by the appositional to arnion {τὸ ἀρνίον | tò ar-ní-on} “the Lamb.” English makes the implicit “is” explicit and preserves the sequence of main clause, purpose clause, explanatory clause, and nominal clause. |