| 14. Linguistic Exegesis The temporal adverb hysteron {Ὕστερον | hý-ste-ron} opens the sentence and marks this scene as following previous resurrection events. The postpositive particle de {δὲ | dè} provides a mild connective, moving the narrative forward without strong contrast. The dative participial phrase anakeimenois autois tois hendeka {ἀνακειμένοις αὐτοῖς τοῖς ἕνδεκα | a-na-kei-mé-nois au-toîs toîs hén-de-ka} functions as an indirect object and sets the scene: “to them, the eleven, as they were reclining,” evoking the customary meal posture. The aorist passive verb ephanerōthē {ἐφανερώθη | e-pha-ne-rṓ-thē} has an implied subject, the risen Christ, and the passive form underscores divine initiative in His self-revelation to the disciples. Coordination with kai {καὶ | kaí} introduces a second aorist main verb, ōneidisen {ὠνείδισεν | ō-neí-di-sen}, shifting the focus from appearance to rebuke. The objects of this rebuke form a tightly linked accusative pair: tēn apistian autōn kai sklērokardian {τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν καὶ σκληροκαρδίαν | tḕn a-pi-stí-an au-tôn kaí sklē-ro-kar-dí-an}, “their unbelief and hardness of heart,” presenting inner resistance in both cognitive and volitional dimensions. The causal conjunction hoti {ὅτι | hó-ti} introduces the reason clause, in which the dative phrase tois theasamenois {τοῖς θεασαμένοις | toîs the-a-sa-mé-nois} designates the eyewitnesses, further specified by the object phrase auton egēgermenon {αὐτὸν ἐγηγερμένον | au-tòn e-gē-ger-mé-non}, “Him having been raised.” The perfect participle highlights the completed yet abiding reality of the resurrection. The clause concludes with the aorist verb episteusan {ἐπίστευσαν | e-pí-steu-san}, negated by ouk {οὐκ | ouk}, summarizing the disciples’ failure: “they did not believe.” In translation, the two aorist verbs are retained as main narrative events (“appeared,” “rebuked”), while participles are rendered as finite clauses (“as they were reclining,” “those who had seen Him”) to keep English syntax clear and preserve the causal relationship expressed by hoti. |